A citation, also called a reference,[1] uniquely identifies a source of information, e.g.:
Ritter, R. M. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
Wikipedia's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space.
A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an inline citation. The inline citation may be a superscript footnote number, or an abbreviated version of the citation called a short citation. The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it.
This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it (the principle is reviewed at § Variation in citation methods). While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. Help:Referencing for beginners provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
Wikipedia guidelines
Guidelines list Policies list
Behavioral guidelines
Assume good faith Conflict of interest Courtesy vanishing Disruptive editing Don't bite the newbies Don't edit to make a point Etiquette Don't game the system User pages Other behavioral guidelines WMF friendly space policy
Discussion guidelines
Talk page guidelines Signatures
Content guidelines
Citing sources Identifying reliable sources medicine Fringe theories Non-free content Offensive material Don't copy long texts Don't create hoaxes Patent nonsense External links Other content guidelines
Editing guidelines
Article size Be bold Edit summary Shortcuts Understandability Other editing guidelines
Organization guidelines
Categories, lists, templates Categorization Disambiguation Subpages
Style guidelines
Manual of Style contents lists tables
Deletion guidelines
Deletion process Speedy keep Deletion guidelines for administrators
Other guideline categories
Naming conventions Notability
v t e
Contents [hide]
1 Types of citation
2 When and why to cite sources
2.1 Multimedia
2.2 When not to cite
3 Inline citations
3.1 Footnotes
3.1.1 How to create the list of citations
3.1.2 How to place an inline citation using ref tags
3.1.3 Repeated citations
3.1.4 Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
3.1.5 Avoiding clutter
3.1.6 Citing multiple pages of the same source
3.1.7 Duplicate citations
3.1.8 Short citations
3.2 Parenthetical referencing
4 What information to include
4.1 Examples
4.1.1 Books
4.1.2 Journal articles
4.1.3 Newspaper articles
4.1.4 Web pages
4.1.5 Sound recordings
4.1.6 Film, television, or video recordings
4.1.7 Other
4.2 Identifying parts of a source
4.2.1 Books and print articles
4.2.2 Audio and video sources
4.3 Links and ID numbers
4.3.1 Linking to Google Books pages
4.3.2 Linking to PDF files
4.4 Say where you read it
4.5 Dates and reprints of older publications
4.6 Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems
4.7 Additional annotation
5 Citation style
5.1 Variation in citation methods
5.1.1 To be avoided
5.1.2 Generally considered helpful
6 Handling links in citations
6.1 Avoid embedded links
6.2 Convenience links
6.3 Indicating availability
6.4 Links to sources
6.5 Preventing and repairing dead links
7 Text–source integrity
8 Bundling citations
9 In-text attribution
10 General references
11 Dealing with unsourced material
12 Citation templates and tools
12.1 Metadata
12.2 Citation processing tools
12.3 Programming tools
12.4 Citation export tools
12.5 Reference management software
13 See also
14 Notes
15 Further reading
16 External links
Ritter, R. M. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
Wikipedia's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space.
A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an inline citation. The inline citation may be a superscript footnote number, or an abbreviated version of the citation called a short citation. The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it.
This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it (the principle is reviewed at § Variation in citation methods). While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. Help:Referencing for beginners provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
Wikipedia guidelines
Guidelines list Policies list
Behavioral guidelines
Assume good faith Conflict of interest Courtesy vanishing Disruptive editing Don't bite the newbies Don't edit to make a point Etiquette Don't game the system User pages Other behavioral guidelines WMF friendly space policy
Discussion guidelines
Talk page guidelines Signatures
Content guidelines
Citing sources Identifying reliable sources medicine Fringe theories Non-free content Offensive material Don't copy long texts Don't create hoaxes Patent nonsense External links Other content guidelines
Editing guidelines
Article size Be bold Edit summary Shortcuts Understandability Other editing guidelines
Organization guidelines
Categories, lists, templates Categorization Disambiguation Subpages
Style guidelines
Manual of Style contents lists tables
Deletion guidelines
Deletion process Speedy keep Deletion guidelines for administrators
Other guideline categories
Naming conventions Notability
v t e
Contents [hide]
1 Types of citation
2 When and why to cite sources
2.1 Multimedia
2.2 When not to cite
3 Inline citations
3.1 Footnotes
3.1.1 How to create the list of citations
3.1.2 How to place an inline citation using ref tags
3.1.3 Repeated citations
3.1.4 Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
3.1.5 Avoiding clutter
3.1.6 Citing multiple pages of the same source
3.1.7 Duplicate citations
3.1.8 Short citations
3.2 Parenthetical referencing
4 What information to include
4.1 Examples
4.1.1 Books
4.1.2 Journal articles
4.1.3 Newspaper articles
4.1.4 Web pages
4.1.5 Sound recordings
4.1.6 Film, television, or video recordings
4.1.7 Other
4.2 Identifying parts of a source
4.2.1 Books and print articles
4.2.2 Audio and video sources
4.3 Links and ID numbers
4.3.1 Linking to Google Books pages
4.3.2 Linking to PDF files
4.4 Say where you read it
4.5 Dates and reprints of older publications
4.6 Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems
4.7 Additional annotation
5 Citation style
5.1 Variation in citation methods
5.1.1 To be avoided
5.1.2 Generally considered helpful
6 Handling links in citations
6.1 Avoid embedded links
6.2 Convenience links
6.3 Indicating availability
6.4 Links to sources
6.5 Preventing and repairing dead links
7 Text–source integrity
8 Bundling citations
9 In-text attribution
10 General references
11 Dealing with unsourced material
12 Citation templates and tools
12.1 Metadata
12.2 Citation processing tools
12.3 Programming tools
12.4 Citation export tools
12.5 Reference management software
13 See also
14 Notes
15 Further reading
16 External links
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